Experiment 8 Acetylsalicylic Acid Experiment - 1650 Words

Monica Perez Experiment 8: Acetylsalicylic Acid Experiment 01/25/2013 CHM Lab- 2211 Sec 0016 Instructor: Jennifer Reed Introduction: Commonly used as Aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid is an analgesic (pain reliever), which is one of the products of the esterification reaction between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. This esterification occurs since the hydroxyl group from the salicylic acid reacts with acetic anhydride to form an ester. In this experiment, we will be able to recreate this acid catalyzed reaction, using sulfuric acid as our catalyst in order to produce acetylsalicylic acid and acetic acid. The final product of this reaction will be some crystals, which will be mainly composed of acetylsalicylic acid. In order†¦show more content†¦Test the filtration device with water, before placing the crystals in the solution. Filter the crystalinization product for 5-10 min and finally rinse the crystals with some distilled water. Re-crystallization of Crude Acetylsalicylic Acid Dissolve crude product of previous crystalinization in a clean 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask with ethyl acetate (2-3 mL). Gently heat the solution on a hot plate to dissolve the reagents and then allow the solution to cool down at room temperature. At this point crystals should form, if not add petroleum ether to the solution. Place the flask with the solution on an ice bath until crystallization is complete. Once again, set up the vacuum filtration that was used to collect crude crystal product and vacuum dry the crystals for 10 minutes. Perform the ferric chloride test by setting up four test tubes with salicylic acid, products of crystalinization, products of re-crystalinization and distilled water respectively in order to detect the presence of phenol. Finally, after placing the products of re-crystalinization in the oven for 5-10 min record its mass and its melting point. Conclusion: Our results lead us to think that the possible reason for this low percentage, as well as for the differences between melting point range obtained and the actual melting point (128- 130  ° C 0  ° C instead of 135- 136  ° C) might have been due errors in the time that the re-crystallized sample spent in the oven. This theory is reinforced byShow MoreRelatedExperiment 2a Adsorption Chromatography ( Tlc )1455 Words   |  6 PagesNAME: ____Amy Hua_______________________ Experiment 4a Adsorption Chromatography (TLC) Summary of Points for Experiment 4a: Item Possible Points Actual Points Pre-Lab 2 Notebook: N/A N/A Purpose/Table of Reagents 2 Corrections 2 Blank Spaces 2 Signatures 2 TLC data (4-in notebook) 8 Coherent 2 Conclusions (absent here) 1 Sub-Total = 21 multiply Sub-Total x 2= 42 Report: N/A N/A Introduction 2 Data and Calculations 8 Less Points-Missing Data N/A N/A Unknown Identity 10 Read MoreLab Report On Aspirin1180 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of this lab experiment is to study a simple esterification reaction, producing acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), thus becoming familiar with synthetic chemistry tools and techniques. Introduction1 Organic molecules can be classified based on the functional groups that they possess. One of these classes is esters, which are produced from an acid and an alcohol as shown in the following figure. Figure 1: Reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to form and ester.2 Based on theRead MoreSynthesis and Characterization of Aspirin Product Identity and Purity After synthesizing a1000 Words   |  4 Pagesdetect the presence of leftover salicylic acid in the synthesized aspirin and allow you to determine its concentration. Government regulations stipulate that commercial aspirin must not contain residual salicylic acid since it is irritating to the mouth, throat, and stomach. Iron salts react with phenols to form a complex ion that has a purple color, therefore iron (III) chloride can be used to determine if your aspirin sample contains residual salicylic acid. 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This is because aspirin is considered a salicylate. The formula name for Aspirin is Acetylsalicylic Acid, and the chemical equation is C9H8O4. The background behind Aspirin is that it aids in pain relief and reducing inflammation, swelling, and fever. Also, some benefits of aspirin are that it can treat skin problems such as acne, warts, and psoriasisRead MoreProject: Preparation and Recrystallisation of Aspirin2916 Words   |  12 Pages Page List of illustration iii Synopsis iv 1. Objective of experiment 1 2. Introduction 2.1Definition of aspirin Read MoreSynthesis of Salicylic Acid and Potentiometric Determination of Its Purity and Dissociation Constant4209 Words   |  17 PagesSynthesis of Salicylic Acid and Potentiometric Determination of its Purity and Dissociation Constant ------------------------------------------------- Abstract The purpose of the study is to synthesize salicylic acid from the ester, methyl salicylate, and determine the acid’s dissociation constant and purity. The ester was converted to salicylic acid by base hydrolysis. The products were refluxed and recrystallized, to ensure maximum purity, and filtered, dried, and weighed. The melting pointRead MoreThe History, Use, and Effectiveness of Medicinal Drugs4647 Words   |  19 Pagesclassified as illegal such as the drugs of marijuana and opium which were key in the Chinese, and Native American medical system. The origin of drugs vary from common plants, (Aspirin, Digitalis, Ergot, Opium, Quinine, Reserpine) to minerals, (Boric Acid, Epsom Salts, Iodine) or synthetic compounds. The difference in a drug from being helpful to being deadly is all in the dosage, which is determined by the amount of the drug that is found in the blood, this process is known as Serum Monitoring. The

The Aeneid by Virgil - 636 Words

The Aeneid, written by Virgil, was written in Rome between 30 and 19 B.C. Virgil wrote many of his writings during the time of Octavian, the estranged nephew to Caeser. During the beginning of the times of Octavian and the time of these writings Rome was in a state of civil war, which later turned into the most peaceful place in the world. Many people were torn from their homes and new boundaries were created. It is important to know the culture and gender roles of the people, the person in power, and the system of government in place at the time of the writing. During the time period of the early Roman Empire, and through the early times of Octavian, it is important to note the roles that each sex played. Unlike current western culture, men and women were not equal. Each sex was thought of differently, with women being less than men. According to Severy, the Romans thought of the Roman women as â€Å"weakness, instability, and irrationality† (Severy 23). These viewpoints of women lead to women being treated in way that was subservient to men. According to Severy, in contrast, the Romans thought of men as â€Å"strength, integrity, and self-control† (Severy 23). This thought process lead to men being in positions of power and control and ultimately the decision makers. This was so much the case that women had to have a male guardian to go out with them during major purchases to verify that was what was supposed to be bought at points (Severy 23). This thought process bled into theShow MoreRelatedThe Aeneid Of Virgil And Virgil1 512 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Aeneid of Virgil, Virgil places great importance on family relationships and respect for one’s ancestors. Aeneas is shown to have great respect for his father which can be seen even after his father’s death. Homer, in The Odyssey, has the lack of a real relationship between Odysseus and Telemachus due to the fact that Odysseus has not been in a majority of Telemachus’ life. 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The Aeneid is a epic poem, following the adventures of the great Aeneas, as well as the central role he played in the founding of the Roman State. The character of Aeneas had been a known legend long before the Aeneid was composed, having been a character in the Iliad. Virgil took the myth of Aeneas and tied him together with the founding of the Roman State. Aeneas is bothRead MoreThe Characters Of Virgil And Homers The Aeneid973 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore them. Virgil, a Roman poet alive during BCE, is considered Rome’s greatest poet. In one of his famous works, The Aeneid, Virgil showcases patriotism in his work. In The Aeneid, Virgil makes a comparison between the Romans and their predecessors of similar cultures, the Greeks. He uses parallels to Homer to make an argument for his point. Overall, the characters of Aeneas and Odysseus are representations of their separate cultures and through the comparison of them as heroes, Virgil attempts toRead MoreThe Aeneid By Virgil Vs. Aeneas Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Aeneid by Virgil, the main character Aeneas is born of Venus; he is the pious, loyal hero of Rome from Troy. The idea of a hero in Virgil’s epic poem was built upon a dual pillar structure of piety and loyalty. The ideal version of piety is exemplified in Aeneas, who often sacrifices his own loyalties t o appease the gods. The other pillar that the book stands upon is loyalty to friends, family, the gods, and the future. These two pillars often clash and Aeneas must choose one over the otherRead MoreAnalysis Of Virgil s The Aeneid 996 Words   |  4 Pagesillustrates the concept of pietas in Virgil’s epic, The Aeneid in several different ways. Pietas is one’s own devotion to public duty or virtue and is only attainable through personal suffering and loss. The center of Aeneas’ pietas is his duty, to find Rome, which goes onto become a great empire. 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Best Financial Practices Free Essays

Also, the organization’s mindset is directed towards the future with an awareness of the hanging trends, market needs, technological advancements, and to cope and to operate within the changing environment (Herkimer, Jar. , 1988). Budgeting, expressed In dollar terms, involves detailed plans. We will write a custom essay sample on Best Financial Practices or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are several types of budgets that may dictate the organization’s mission and structure and managerial preferences. They are: 1) Statistics Budget; 2) Expense Budget; 3) Operating Budget; and 4) Cash Budget. In addition to budget decisions, there Is timing. Healthcare services organizations should consider two types: 1) Conventional verses Zero-Based Budgets and 2) Top-down versus Bottom-up Budgets. Planning and budgeting are Important managerial activities. It allows health services managers to plan for and set expectations for the future, assess Flanagan performance on a timely basis, and ensure that operations are carried out In a manner consistent with expectations (Sheepskin, 2008). Without planning and budgeting, the business will be disorganized Pricing and Service Decisions In healthcare organizations, the managerial accounting department decides whether an established price for a particular service is profitable. Managers in a charge- based environment must set prices on the services that their organization offers. In addition, determine discounts for managed care plans or business coalitions. Pricing and service decisions affect a business’s revenues and costs and determine viability in long term. Health services managers should have a better understanding of the pricing and service decisions they face, because they have the power to set prices. The healthcare providers may be price takers or price setters. When they are price takers, apply target costing, and when they are price setters, apply full cost pricing or marginal cost pricing. In making pricing and service decisions, managers should rely on managerial accounting and actuarial information. Pricing decisions involve setting prices on services for which the provider is a price setter, and service decisions involve whether or not to offer a service when the price is set by the pay (the provider is a price taker) (Sheepskin, 2008). Without good pricing and service decisions, the business will lose profit and/ or lose customers. Ultimately, it can lead to business closure. Cost Allocation Cost allocation is a pricing process within the organization whereby managers allocate the costs of one department to other departments. There is no objective tankard established; therefore, a business must establish prices that would be set under market conditions. The purpose and goal for cost allocation is to assign all of the costs of an organization to the activities incurred (Sheepskin, 2008). Basically, cost allocation allows managers to make better decisions on cost control, on what services they provide, and how these services should be priced. The best results produced will come from managers who perceive the cost allocation process to be accurate and fair, and the allocation process should promote cost reduction within heir department/organization. In the end, the managers will be held accountable for costs associated with services by their departments. Managers must know two important elements in cost allocation basics: cost pools and cost drivers. The more confidence that all managers have in its validity, the better the organization will function (Sheepskin, 2008). Without cost allocation, there will disorientation and chaos, because one department will have more cost allocated than the other. Time Value Analysis Time value analysis is the process of assigning appropriate values to cash flows. This s important part of healthcare financial management because it involves the valuation of future cash flows (Sheepskin, 2008). A timeline is the first step in time value analysis. Time lines illustrate and can help managers visualize cash flows analysis such as compounding, discounting, annuity, perpetuity, state rate, and periodic rate that managers must know so that financial decisions are made wisely. Without time value analysis, managers would not be able to appropriately assign values to cash flows, and it could lead to disorientation and financial ruin. Financial Risk and Required Return Unfortunately, there are risks and complications in businesses. In healthcare organizations, taking financial risks may mean investment in new hospital beds or a new managed care plan. A return that is earned less than the expected amount means the financial risk is greater. Managers in health care organizations should develop strategies to manage business and financial risk. One such strategy is to develop risk measures by using a standard of reference. This will allow for some comparison to another measure and a Judgment can be made. For an example, Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAMP) is the relationship between the market risk of a tock, as measured by its market beat, and its required rate of return (Sheepskin, 2008). A clear understanding of business and financial risk is essential if the health care organization wants to remain viable in the health care market. Without an understanding of the financial risk and required return, health care organizations can be blind to concepts that are failing and destined for financial ruin. They run a greater risk of losing profit. Reflection The various duties required by managers of healthcare organizations is complicated and multi- faceted. They must know so much in order to make the business run efficiently and successfully. They must understand a multitude of functions. Therefore, working with other experts, accountants, and managers from different departments is crucial in running a lucrative business. This includes planning, acquiring, and utilizing capital in the most efficient way possible. How to cite Best Financial Practices, Papers

Health Care System - Healthcare Services - Wellness and Prevention

Question: What is the role of health care reform in shifting the focus from a disease-oriented health care system toward one of wellness and prevention, and how does nursing fit into this shift? Answer: It can be said that healthcare sector has been an important sector in USA and other parts of the world. This sector has seen number of reforms and changes. The reforms in healthcare sector has shifted the healthcare delivery to managed care. With healthcare reforms, the concept of outpatient services has also expanded (Robertson, 2011). There has been a transformation in the healthcare sector in American from disease oriented healthcare system to wellness and prevention. This transformation has been possible only because of increase awareness among patients and people. Today people are more proactive in their approach towards healthcare services. Today, people would not wait for a disease to happen and then visit hospitals. Instead, people would focus on their wellness strategy and preventive measures. This would not have been possible without the support of nursing staff (Salomon, 2011). It can be said that the role of nursing staff has increased with this transformation. Today, nurses are considered as partners to patients and nurses act as the first line of support for patients. It is expected that this trend would mature in future and nurses would have more responsibility to share. It is expected that nurses would have more role to play with the penetration of managed care programs and preventive programs for healthcare. References Pande, A. H., Ross-Degnan, D., Zaslavsky, A. M., Salomon, J. A. (2011). Effects of healthcare reforms on coverage, access, and disparities: quasi-experimental analysis of evidence from Massachusetts.American journal of preventive medicine,41(1), 1-8. Schoen, C., Doty, M. M., Robertson, R. H., Collins, S. R. (2011). Affordable Care Act reforms could reduce the number of underinsured US adults by 70 percent.Health Affairs,30(9), 1762-1771.